At 7:20 pm on October 3, 1993, a nervous and shaky anchor broke into coverage of a soccer match to tell Russian viewers that their state television was shutting down. In the opening salvos of the parliamentary revolt against Boris Yeltsin's government, a mob had besieged the station's headquarters. A man had just been killed in front of the news director. Moments later, screens all across Russia went blank, leaving audiences in the dark. But in less than an hour,
Russia's second state channel went on the air. Millions watched as Sergei Torchinsky anchored thirteen straight hours of coverage, often with the sound of shooting clearly audible in the background.
Streams of politicians, trade union leaders, writers, television personalities, and other well-known figures braved gunfire to reach Channel Two's makeshift studios and speak directly to the nation. In one stunning moment, a famous actress extemporaneously pleaded with viewers not to return to the horrors of Stalinism. Boris Yeltsin, who had been glued to his television set like everyone else, later recalled, "For the rest of my life I will remember the anxious but resolute and courageous
expression of Liya Akhedzhakova. . . her hoarse, cracking voice remains in my memory." In that time of crisis, television bound the nation together, a continuing emblem of legitimate authority
which lent an image of stability and credibility to Yeltsin's besieged government. "Television saved Russia," the Russian president said. Changing Channels vividly recreates this exciting time, as television both helped and hindered the Russian nation's struggle to create a new democracy. From the moribund, state-controlled television broadcasts at the end of the Soviet Union, through Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost, up to Yeltsin's victory in the most recent Russian presidential
elections of 1996, Mickiewicz charts the omnipresent role of television, drawing on interviews, public opinion surveys, research, and the television programming itself. Analyzing the rise of political advertising
(sometimes with controversial US participation), the birth of journalists as opinionated television personalities, and the changing news coverage of coups, elections, and wars, she shows both how the gradual development of private, independent stations has begun to make real pluralism possible and how the authoritarian legacy of the Soviet state structure continues to affect Russian television even today. With television in 97% of all Russian households, and the nightly news watched by a
viewership matching that for the Super Bowl in the US, the struggle for control over television became the struggle for control over the nation. Mickiewicz illuminates the efforts of those both in and out of
power to control the media. Behind the momentous political changes are the stories of the men and women who chose to resist, test, or submit to the system. Mickiewicz offers brilliant sketches of these individuals: Yegor Ligachev, Gorbachev's second in command, a man of strongly held opinions who, in retirement, still orated loudly, even over tea; Boris Yeltsin, having not even put on his shirt yet, watching the early morning coverage of the attempted coup against Gorbachev; or the
new breed of Russian journalists covering the war in Chechnya with footage of bombed out streets and charred corpses for privately owned NTV, despite continuing government intimidation. In vivid
interviews, all the key players, including Gorbachev himself, offered Mickiewicz their unique insights and frank personal commentary. Drawing on these interviews and on her extensive research on the interactions of politics, economics, and society, Mickiewicz presents a rich and authoritative analysis of television in Russia. In many ways, Mickiewicz writes, no other country in the world offers television a greater opportunity and a greater role. Changing Channels tells the fascinating
story of a truly modern phenomenon: the struggle to create genuine political pluralism, helped and hindered by the barrage of information, advertisements, and media-created personalities that make up modern
television.
At 7:20 pm on October 3, 1993, a nervous and shaky anchor broke into coverage of a soccer match to tell Russian viewers that their state television was shutting down. In the opening salvos of the parliamentary revolt against Boris Yeltsin's government, a mob had besieged the station's headquarters. A man had just been killed in front of the news director. Moments later, screens all across Russia went blank, leaving audiences in the dark. But in less than an hour,
Russia's second state channel went on the air. Millions watched as Sergei Torchinsky anchored thirteen straight hours of coverage, often with the sound of shooting clearly audible in the background.
Streams of politicians, trade union leaders, writers, television personalities, and other well-known figures braved gunfire to reach Channel Two's makeshift studios and speak directly to the nation. In one stunning moment, a famous actress extemporaneously pleaded with viewers not to return to the horrors of Stalinism. Boris Yeltsin, who had been glued to his television set like everyone else, later recalled, "For the rest of my life I will remember the anxious but resolute and courageous
expression of Liya Akhedzhakova. . . her hoarse, cracking voice remains in my memory." In that time of crisis, television bound the nation together, a continuing emblem of legitimate authority
which lent an image of stability and credibility to Yeltsin's besieged government. "Television saved Russia," the Russian president said. Changing Channels vividly recreates this exciting time, as television both helped and hindered the Russian nation's struggle to create a new democracy. From the moribund, state-controlled television broadcasts at the end of the Soviet Union, through Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost, up to Yeltsin's victory in the most recent Russian presidential
elections of 1996, Mickiewicz charts the omnipresent role of television, drawing on interviews, public opinion surveys, research, and the television programming itself. Analyzing the rise of political advertising
(sometimes with controversial US participation), the birth of journalists as opinionated television personalities, and the changing news coverage of coups, elections, and wars, she shows both how the gradual development of private, independent stations has begun to make real pluralism possible and how the authoritarian legacy of the Soviet state structure continues to affect Russian television even today. With television in 97% of all Russian households, and the nightly news watched by a
viewership matching that for the Super Bowl in the US, the struggle for control over television became the struggle for control over the nation. Mickiewicz illuminates the efforts of those both in and out of
power to control the media. Behind the momentous political changes are the stories of the men and women who chose to resist, test, or submit to the system. Mickiewicz offers brilliant sketches of these individuals: Yegor Ligachev, Gorbachev's second in command, a man of strongly held opinions who, in retirement, still orated loudly, even over tea; Boris Yeltsin, having not even put on his shirt yet, watching the early morning coverage of the attempted coup against Gorbachev; or the
new breed of Russian journalists covering the war in Chechnya with footage of bombed out streets and charred corpses for privately owned NTV, despite continuing government intimidation. In vivid
interviews, all the key players, including Gorbachev himself, offered Mickiewicz their unique insights and frank personal commentary. Drawing on these interviews and on her extensive research on the interactions of politics, economics, and society, Mickiewicz presents a rich and authoritative analysis of television in Russia. In many ways, Mickiewicz writes, no other country in the world offers television a greater opportunity and a greater role. Changing Channels tells the fascinating
story of a truly modern phenomenon: the struggle to create genuine political pluralism, helped and hindered by the barrage of information, advertisements, and media-created personalities that make up modern
television.
Ellen Mickiewicz is the James R. Shepley Professor of Public Policy
Studies and Director of the De Witt Wallace Center for
Communications and Journalism at Duke University. Her many books
include the award-winning Split Signals: Television and Politics in
the Soviet Union (1988) and Media and the Russian Republic (1981).
She was the first American to be honored by the Journalists Union
of Russia for her contribution to democratic
media in the region.
"For those who care about Russia's stormy evolution from
dictatorship to democracy, here is an important story--the first
extensive account of the crucially important revolution in Moscow
television since 1985. From first-hand interviews with key figures,
Ellen Mickiewicz has pieced together the inside story of repeated
confrontations between Gorbachev, Yeltsin and the late Soviet
leaders, and the daring correspondents, producers and anchors who
dared to defy
the Kremlin at such pivotal moments as the break-away of the
Baltics, the August 1991 coup, the storming of Moscow TV in 1993,
and the war in Chechnya. With encyclopedic detail, Michiewicz shows
how the
development of democracy in Russian has depended on the end of
censorship and will continue to depend on a new spirit of political
independence among Moscow's now-multiple TV networks. --Hedrick
Smith, author, The New Russians
"From the days when Leonid Brezhnev clung to power through the
tumult of Mikhail Gorbachev and the election victories of Boris
Yeltsin, Russian leaders have struggled over the control of
television. In this fine and penetrating book, Ellen Mickiewicz
traces those struggles and examines the larger question still
ahead: whether a free and independent television can emerge that
will bolster prospects for a stable, democratic nation. No one else
has better captured
this important saga."--David Gergen, Editor at Large, U.S. News &
World Report
"This book will enthrall and enlighten its readers with its vivid
revelations of political stratagems by politicians and journalists
and its clear analysis of the implications for Russia specifically
and, more generally, for television's roles and problems when
authoritarian regimes move towards democracy. This is a definitive
study, based on lengthy interviews with the movers and shakers in
the world of politics and television by a brilliant
participant/observer of the momentous
changes-in-the-making."--Doris A. Graber, Professor of Political
Science, The University of Illinois at Chicago.
"This book will enthrall and enlighten its readers with its vivid
revelations of political stratagems by politicians and journalists
and its clear analysis of the implications for Russia specifically
and, more generally, for television's roles and problems when
authoritarian regimes move towards democracy. This is a definitive
study, based on lengthy interviews with the movers and shakers in
the world of politics and television by a brilliant
participant/observer of the momentous
changes-in-the-making."--Doris A. Graber, Professor of Political
Science, The University of Illinois at Chicago.
"For those who care about Russia's stormy evolution from
dictatorship to democracy, here is an important story--the first
extensive account of the crucially important revolution in Moscow
television since 1985. From first-hand interviews with key figures,
Ellen Mickiewicz has pieced together the inside story of repeated
confrontations between Gorbachev, Yeltsin and the late Soviet
leaders, and the daring correspondents, producers and anchors who
dared to defy
the Kremlin at such pivotal moments as the break-away of the
Baltics, the August 1991 coup, the storming of Moscow TV in 1993,
and the war in Chechnya. With encyclopedic detail, Michiewicz shows
how the
development of democracy in Russian has depended on the end of
censorship and will continue to depend on a new spirit of political
independence among Moscow's now-multiple TV networks. --Hedrick
Smith, author, The New Russians
"From the days when Leonid Brezhnev clung to power through the
tumult of Mikhail Gorbachev and the election victories of Boris
Yeltsin, Russian leaders have struggled over the control of
television. In this fine and penetrating book, Ellen Mickiewicz
traces those struggles and examines the larger question still
ahead: whether a free and independent television can emerge that
will bolster prospects for a stable, democratic nation. No one else
has better captured
this important saga."--David Gergen, Editor at Large, U.S. News &
World Report
"Ellen Mickiewicz's No Illusions is a prescient look into the minds
-- and hearts -- of Russia's future leaders. The chance to hear the
frank voices of these Russians on the path to power cannot have
come at a more critical moment for the West. The book is a gift to
those who want to know what is looming in an emergent and complex
Russia." --Alex S. Jones, Director of the Shorenstein Center on the
Media, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard
Kennedy School
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