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One of the great maxims of history is that it is written by the victors, and nowhere does this find greater support than in the later Roman Empire. Between 284 and 395 AD, no fewer than 37 men claimed imperial power, though today we recognize barely half of these men as 'legitimate' rulers and more than two thirds died at their subjects' hands. Once established in power, a new ruler needed to publicly legitimate himself and to discredit his predecessor: overt
criticism of the new regime became high treason, with historians supressing their accounts for fear of reprisals and the very names of defeated emperors chiselled from public inscriptions and deleted from
official records. In a period of such chaos, how can we ever hope to record in any fair or objective way the history of the Roman state? Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire is the first history of civil war in the later Roman Empire to be written in English and aims to address this question by focusing on the various ways in which successive imperial dynasties attempted to legitimate themselves and to counter the threat of almost perpetual internal
challenge to their rule. Panegyric in particular emerges as a crucial tool for understanding the rapidly changing political world of the third and fourth centuries, providing direct evidence of how, in the wake of
civil wars, emperors attempted to publish their legitimacy and to delegitimize their enemies. The ceremony and oratory surrounding imperial courts too was of great significance: used aggressively to dramatize and constantly recall the events of recent civil wars, the narratives produced by the court in this context also went on to have enormous influence on the messages and narratives found within contemporary historical texts. In its exploration of the ways in which successive imperial courts
sought to communicate with their subjects, this volume offers a thoroughly original reworking of late Roman domestic politics, and demonstrates not only how history could be erased, rewritten, and
repurposed, but also how civil war, and indeed usurpation, became endemic to the later Empire.
One of the great maxims of history is that it is written by the victors, and nowhere does this find greater support than in the later Roman Empire. Between 284 and 395 AD, no fewer than 37 men claimed imperial power, though today we recognize barely half of these men as 'legitimate' rulers and more than two thirds died at their subjects' hands. Once established in power, a new ruler needed to publicly legitimate himself and to discredit his predecessor: overt
criticism of the new regime became high treason, with historians supressing their accounts for fear of reprisals and the very names of defeated emperors chiselled from public inscriptions and deleted from
official records. In a period of such chaos, how can we ever hope to record in any fair or objective way the history of the Roman state? Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire is the first history of civil war in the later Roman Empire to be written in English and aims to address this question by focusing on the various ways in which successive imperial dynasties attempted to legitimate themselves and to counter the threat of almost perpetual internal
challenge to their rule. Panegyric in particular emerges as a crucial tool for understanding the rapidly changing political world of the third and fourth centuries, providing direct evidence of how, in the wake of
civil wars, emperors attempted to publish their legitimacy and to delegitimize their enemies. The ceremony and oratory surrounding imperial courts too was of great significance: used aggressively to dramatize and constantly recall the events of recent civil wars, the narratives produced by the court in this context also went on to have enormous influence on the messages and narratives found within contemporary historical texts. In its exploration of the ways in which successive imperial courts
sought to communicate with their subjects, this volume offers a thoroughly original reworking of late Roman domestic politics, and demonstrates not only how history could be erased, rewritten, and
repurposed, but also how civil war, and indeed usurpation, became endemic to the later Empire.
Frontmatter
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
Typographical Note
PART I
I: Usurpation, Legitimacy, and the Roman Empire
I.1: Why usurpation?: the problem of the imperial succession
I.2: 'This litany of manifest usurpers and rebellious generals':
why had the imperial succession become so unstable by the third
century?
I.3: 'The difference between a tyrant and a king is one of deeds,
not of name': how was usurpation understood in the late Roman
Empire?
I.4: 'Let these things go unspoken': usurpation and modern
research
II: Usurpation, Legitimacy, and Panegyric
II.1: Known unknowns, and unknown unknowns: how to use panegyric as
a source
II.2: 'In which I would tell many lies': who dictated the content
of panegyric?
II.3: 'And would be viewed with favour by those who knew them to be
such': panegyric, audience, and influence
II.4: Propaganda and power
PART II
III: A House Divided Against Itself
IV: 'At last Roman, at last restored to the true light of Empire':
Dyarchy, Tetrarchy, and the Fall of the British Empire of
Carausius
IV.1: Birthing the late Roman state: dyarchs, tetrarchs, and a new
language of power
IV.2: Emperors and bandits: the British Empire under Carausius and
Allectus
V: Tyranny and Betrayal: Constantine, Maximian, Maxentius, and
Licinius
V.1: Constantine's usurpation: Constantine, Galerius, and
Maximian
V.2: The tyrannus: Maxentius and the rewards of civil war
V.3: Notable by his absence: Licinius and the rise of the
Constantinian dynasty
VI: Tyranny and Blood: Constantius, Constans, Magnentius, and
Vetranio
VI.1: Smiling for the cameras: the sons of Constantine, 337-50
VI.2: The son of the father: Constantius the tyrant-slayer
VII: Usurper, Propaganda, History: The Emperor Julian
VII.1: The voice of a usurper: Julian's rise to power
VII.2: Bleaching the stains: Julian's sole rule
VIII: Panegyric and Apology: The Accession of Jovian and the
Usurpation of Procopius
VIII.1: The need for victory: Jovian and the demands of imperial
rhetoric
VIII.2: The enemy inside: Valentinian, Valens, and Procopius
VIII.3: 'He who sought rule for himself behind the cloak of a
little boy': the usurpation of Valentinian II
IX: Dismembering the House of Valentinian: The Usurpation of
Theodosius and the War with Magnus Maximus
IX.1: 'And nobly he made the vote his own': the usurpation of
Theodosius
IX.2: Divided loyalties: the usurpation of Magnus Maximus
X: Crisis and Transformation: Imperial Power in the Fifth
Century
XI: Conclusion: Those Made Tyrants by the Victory of Others
Appendix I: The Panegyrics
Appendix II: Quantifying Usurpation: Notes to Accompany Figure
I.2
Endmatter
Bibliography
Index
Adrastos Omissi grew up in Jersey, in the Channel Islands. From
2005, he studied at St John's College, Oxford, where he received
his BA, MSt, and DPhil. After working for some years in the
charities and green energy sector, he returned to Oxford in 2014 to
take up a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship and a Junior
Research Fellowship in Classics and Ancient History at Oriel
College. He then spent a brief period as Lecturer in Ancient
History both at Oriel and
at Jesus College, during which time he was awarded a prestigious
Humanities Division Teaching Award, before moving to the University
of Glasgow in September 2017, where he is currently Lecturer in
Latin
Literature. He has authored a number of articles, in both
specialist and non-specialist publications, on Roman history,
linguistics, and Renaissance art.
The book aims to grapple with the question of how imperial
legitimacy was constructed in the late Roman world, using the genre
of panegyric as the primary lens through which to shed light on the
issue. The result is an illuminating study which will be required
reading for anyone wanting to understand the political dynamics of
the period and the role of panegyric in it.
*Doug Lee, University of Nottingham, Classics Ireland *
This is an excellent first book. Omissi is deeply immersed in the
source material and a sure guide to the scholarly landscape...A
thesis rooted in a bilingual corpus of evidence that influences our
picture of an entire century and problematizes our relationship
with multiple ancient genres of writing - this is great
history.
*James Corke-Webster, Kings College London, Greece & Rome*
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