For all the turmoil that roiled financial markets during the Great Recession and its aftermath, Wall Street forecasts once again turned bullish and corporate profitability soared to unprecedented heights. How does capitalism consistently generate profits despite its vulnerability to destabilizing events that can plunge the global economy into chaos? The Great Levelerelucidates the crucial but underappreciated role of the law in regulating capitalism's rhythms of accumulation and growth.
Brett Christophers argues that capitalism requires a delicate balance between competition and monopoly. When monopolistic forces become dominant, antitrust law steps in to discourage the growth of giant corporations and restore competitiveness. When competitive forces become dominant, intellectual property law steps in to protect corporate assets and encourage investment. These two sets of laws-antitrust and intellectual property-have a pincer effect on corporate profitability, ensuring that markets become neither monopolistic, which would lead to rent-seeking and stagnation, nor overly competitive, which would drive down profits.
Christophers pursues these ideas through a close study of the historical development of American and British capitalist economies from the late nineteenth century to the present, tracing the relationship between monopoly and competition in each country and the evolution of legal mechanisms for keeping these forces in check. More than an illuminating study of the economic role of law, The Great Leveler is a bold and fresh dissection of the anatomy of modern capitalism.
For all the turmoil that roiled financial markets during the Great Recession and its aftermath, Wall Street forecasts once again turned bullish and corporate profitability soared to unprecedented heights. How does capitalism consistently generate profits despite its vulnerability to destabilizing events that can plunge the global economy into chaos? The Great Levelerelucidates the crucial but underappreciated role of the law in regulating capitalism's rhythms of accumulation and growth.
Brett Christophers argues that capitalism requires a delicate balance between competition and monopoly. When monopolistic forces become dominant, antitrust law steps in to discourage the growth of giant corporations and restore competitiveness. When competitive forces become dominant, intellectual property law steps in to protect corporate assets and encourage investment. These two sets of laws-antitrust and intellectual property-have a pincer effect on corporate profitability, ensuring that markets become neither monopolistic, which would lead to rent-seeking and stagnation, nor overly competitive, which would drive down profits.
Christophers pursues these ideas through a close study of the historical development of American and British capitalist economies from the late nineteenth century to the present, tracing the relationship between monopoly and competition in each country and the evolution of legal mechanisms for keeping these forces in check. More than an illuminating study of the economic role of law, The Great Leveler is a bold and fresh dissection of the anatomy of modern capitalism.
Brett Christophers is Associate Professor of Human Geography at Uppsala University.
As a work of political economy, The Great Leveler makes a
provocative and compelling case for the law as an essential
historical actor. This highly readable book challenges historians
of business, economics, and capitalism to consider the pivotal role
of competition law and expand their conceptions of what capitalism
is and how it has been reproduced over time.
*Enterprise & Society*
[A] compelling combination of analysis and historical detail…The
Great Leveler is an important contribution to understanding some of
the most acute modern policy—and political—questions.
*The Enlightened Economist*
The Great Leveler is a brilliant rethinking of a century and a half
of U.S. and English economic history. It is a must read for all
scholars of political economy. Focusing on the dialectic between
monopoly and competition, Christophers uncovers four alternating
periods that are characterized either by too much or too little
competition. He sees the period from 1975 to the present as one of
runaway monopolization, and questions whether national legal
systems still have the power and authority to play a critical
balancing role.
*Fred Block, University of California, Davis*
The book does a masterful job of weaving a rich skein of a complex
whole (capitalism and its movement through time and space) into an
accessible and convincing narrative.
*Susan K. Sell, George Washington University*
[An] insightful historical work on the economic functions of
law…This is a tremendous and important scholarly work. The choice
of three periods and two complementary kinds of competition (or
monopoly) law is inspired and provides seriously insightful
analysis of the contrasting dynamics of competition and monopoly at
the level of the corporate form, market price formation, and abuse
of market power.
*Antipode*
Thoroughly researched and engagingly written…This is a rich and
significant monograph, which any economic geographer, and many
others beside, should read.
*Economic Geography*
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