Table of Contents

Contents

Foreword ..................................................................................................... xiii

Preface ..........................................................................................................xv

Acknowledgments ........................................................................................xix

About the Authors ........................................................................................xxi

PART I INTRODUCTION

1 History and Evolution of Cloud Computing .....................................3

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 3

1.1.1 Classification of Cloud Computing .................................... 4

1.1.2 Cloud Computing Deployment Models ............................. 4

1.1.3 Cloud Computing Service Models ...................................... 6

1.2 Computation in Cloud .................................................................. 7

1.2.1 Resource Management ........................................................ 8

1.2.2 Virtualization .................................................................... 11

1.2.3 Green Computing ............................................................. 16

1.3 Cloud Applications ...................................................................... 17

1.4 Summary ..................................................................................... 18

Reference ..................................................................................... 19

2 Sensor Networks and the Cloud ......................................................25

2.1 Wireless Sensor Networks ............................................................ 26

2.1.1 Background and Evolution ............................................... 26

2.1.2 Design of a Sensor Node ................................................... 32

2.1.3 Applications of Sensor Networks ...................................... 33

2.1.4 Challenges and Constraints ............................................... 34

2.2 Unification of WSNs with Cloud: Dawn of a New Era ............... 36

2.2.1 The Significance of Cloud Computing ............................. 36

2.2.2 How Does Integration Work? Example Scenarios ............. 37

2.2.3 Challenges ........................................................................ 40

2.3 Summary ..................................................................................... 41

Reference ..................................................................................... 43

3 Introduction to the Internet of Things ............................................47

3.1 Inception and Background ........................................................... 48

3.1.1 Definition ......................................................................... 48

3.1.2 Characteristics ................................................................... 50

3.2 IoT Middleware ........................................................................... 52

3.3 IoT Applications .......................................................................... 54

3.3.1 Healthcare ........................................................................ 55

3.3.2 Smart City Applications .................................................... 55

3.3.3 Smart Home ..................................................................... 55

3.3.4 Telecommunication .......................................................... 56

3.3.5 Supply Chain Management .............................................. 56

3.4 Open Research Challenges and Future Trends ............................. 56

3.5 Summary ..................................................................................... 59

Reference ..................................................................................... 60

PART 2 THE SENSOR-CLOUD PARADIGM

4 The Sensor-Cloud vs. Sensors and the Cloud ..................................65

4.1 What Is the Sensor-Cloud? .......................................................... 66

4.2 Background of the Sensor-Cloud ................................................. 67

4.2.1 Motivation of the Sensor-Cloud ....................................... 67

4.2.2 Actors of the Sensor-Cloud ............................................... 68

4.2.3 Architecture of the Sensor-Cloud ...................................... 69

4.2.4 Views of the Sensor-Cloud ................................................ 70

4.3 Sensor Virtualization .................................................................... 73

4.3.1 Configurations of Virtualization ....................................... 73

4.3.2 Characterization of Virtualization ..................................... 74

4.4 Sensor-Cloud Applications ........................................................... 76

4.4.1 Case Studies ...................................................................... 76

4.5 Some Insights .............................................................................. 79

4.5.1 Performance Metrics ......................................................... 79

4.5.2 Performance Evaluation .................................................... 81

4.6 Summary ..................................................................................... 84

Reference ..................................................................................... 86

5 Data Flow in the Sensor-Cloud ........................................................89

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 89

5.2 Composition of a Virtual Sensor .................................................. 89

5.2.1 Algorithms for Optimal Composition ............................... 91

5.2.2 CoV-I: Composition of VS within the Same Region ........ 91

5.2.3 CoV-II: Composition of VS and VSG across

Multiple Regions .............................................................. 92

5.2.4 Performance Evaluation of CoVs ...................................... 93

5.3 Data Management ....................................................................... 94

5.3.1 Data Caching .................................................................... 94

5.3.2 Data Transmission .......................................................... 101

5.4 Summary ................................................................................... 110

Reference ................................................................................... 112

6 Pricing and Networking in the Sensor-Cloud ................................115

6.1 Scenario for Pricing .................................................................... 116

6.2 The Model for Pricing ............................................................... 116

6.2.1 Assumptions of the Model .............................................. 117

6.3 pH: Pricing Attributed to Hardware .......................................... 119

6.3.1 Selection of the Next Hop Node .................................... 119

6.3.2 Context-Aware Pricing .................................................... 120

6.4 pI: Pricing Attributed to Infrastructure ...................................... 121

6.5 Real-Life Applicability: A Case Study ........................................ 123

6.6 Networking ................................................................................ 123

6.7 System Description .................................................................... 126

6.8 Formal Definition of the Problem .............................................. 126

6.9 Complexity Analysis .................................................................. 129

6.10 Summary ................................................................................... 130

Reference ................................................................................... 131

7 Sensor-Cloud for Internet of Things ..............................................133

7.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 133

7.2 Enabling IoT through Sensor-Cloud .......................................... 134

7.2.1 Contributions through Architecture ................................ 134

7.2.2 Contributions through Functionalities ............................ 137

7.2.3 Contributions through the Life Cycle ............................. 137

7.3 Summary ................................................................................... 139

Reference ................................................................................... 141

PART III FROM THE CORE TO THE EDGE: FOG

8 Fog: The Next-Gen Cloud .............................................................145

8.1 Introduction to Fog Computing ................................................ 146

8.1.1 Where Does Cloud Computing Fall Short? .................... 147

8.1.2 Definition ....................................................................... 149

8.1.3 Fog versus Other Computing Paradigms ........................ 151

8.1.4 Where There Is Fog, There Is Cloud .............................. 158

8.2 Characteristics of Fog Computing ............................................. 160

8.3 Advantages of Fog Computing ................................................... 161

8.4 Summary ................................................................................... 163

Reference ................................................................................... 164

9 Fog Computing Applications .........................................................167

9.1 IoT Applications and Fog Computing ....................................... 168

9.2 Fog Applications ........................................................................ 170

9.2.1 Healthcare and Well-being ............................................. 170

9.2.2 Smart Vehicle Management ............................................ 173

9.2.3 Smart City Applications .................................................. 175

9.2.4 Smart Data Management ................................................ 178

9.2.5 Other Emerging Application Sectors ............................... 180

9.3 Summary ................................................................................... 180

Reference ................................................................................... 181

10 Fog Architecture .............................................................................187

10.1 The Comprehensive Framework ................................................ 187

10.1.1 Communication and Network Model ........................ 189

10.2 Mathematical Model of the System ............................................ 190

10.3 Application Agnostic Fog Architectures ...................................... 195

10.3.1 Programming Models ................................................. 196

10.4 Application-Specific Fog Architectures ....................................... 199

10.4.1 Fog Architectures for Healthcare ................................ 199

10.4.2 Fog Architectures for Smart City Environments ......... 203

10.4.3 Other Application-Specific Fog Architectures ............. 205

10.5 Summary ................................................................................... 207

Reference ................................................................................... 208

11 Towards a “Green”-er Internet of Things ......................................213

11.1 Reference Model ........................................................................ 214

11.1.1 Assumptions ............................................................... 215

11.1.2 Reference Architecture ................................................ 215

11.2 Networking Model ..................................................................... 216

11.3 Performance Metrics .................................................................. 218

11.3.1 Power Consumption ................................................... 219

11.3.2 Service Latency ........................................................... 223

11.4 A Case Study: Simulation Setup ................................................. 226

11.4.1 Network Topology ..................................................... 226

11.4.2 Network Traffic .......................................................... 227

11.4.3 Performance Metrics ................................................... 227

11.5 A Case Study: Performance Evaluation ...................................... 228

11.5.1 Service Latency ........................................................... 228

11.5.2 Power Consumption ................................................... 229

11.5.3 CO2 Emission ............................................................. 230

11.5.4 Cost ............................................................................ 232

11.6 Summary .................................................................................... 232

Reference ................................................................................... 234

12 Security in the IoT .........................................................................237

12.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 237

12.1.1 IoT Security vs. Conventional Security ...................... 237

12.1.2 Difference between Security and Privacy .................... 238

12.2 Security in the IoT ..................................................................... 238

12.2.1 Protocol Stack for the IoT .......................................... 240

12.2.2 Security Threats in the IoT ......................................... 241

12.3 Misbehavior in M2M Communication ...................................... 244

12.3.1 Where Do We Stand? ................................................. 245

12.3.2 Problem Scenario ........................................................ 246

12.3.3 System Model ............................................................. 247

12.3.4 Operation ................................................................... 247

12.3.5 Quantitative Results ................................................... 249

12.4 Summary .................................................................................... 251

Reference ................................................................................... 253

Index ...........................................................................................................257

About the Author

Prof. Sudip Misra is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Prior to this he was associated with Cornell University (USA), Yale University (USA), Nortel Networks (Canada) and the Government of Ontario (Canada). He received his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Carleton University, in Ottawa, Canada. He has several years of experience working in the academia, government, and the private sectors in research, teaching, consulting, project management, architecture, software design and product engineering roles.


His current research interests includes Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Internet of Things (IoT), Computer Networks, Learning Systems, and algorithm design for emerging communication networks. Prof. Misra is the author of over 260 scholarly research papers, including 140+ reputed journal papers. He has won seven research paper awards in different conferences. Recently, he and his students won Samsung Innovation Award and the IEEE ComSoc Student Competition. He was also awarded the IEEE ComSoc Asia Pacific Outstanding Young Researcher Award at IEEE GLOBECOM 2012, Anaheim, California, USA. He was also the recipient of several academic awards and fellowships such as the Young Scientist Award (National Academy of Sciences, India), Young Systems Scientist Award (Systems Society of India), Young Engineers Award (Institution of Engineers, India), (Canadian) Governor General's Academic Gold Medal at Carleton University, the University Outstanding Graduate Student Award in the Doctoral level at Carleton University and the National Academy of Sciences, India - Swarna Jayanti Puraskar (Golden Jubilee Award).


Prof. Misra was also awarded the Canadian Government's prestigious NSERC Post Doctoral Fellowship and the Humboldt Research Fellowship in Germany. Prof. Misra has been serving the editorial boards of distinguished journals such as the International Journal of Communication Systems (Wiley) and the IET Wireless Sensor Systems (UK). In the past, he served as the Associate Editor/Editorial Board Member of the Telecommunication Systems Journal (Springer), Security and Communication Networks Journal (Wiley), and the EURASIP Journal of Wireless Communications and Networking, IET Communications Journal, and the Computers and Electrical Engineering Journal (Elsevier).


Prof. Misra has published 9 books in the areas of wireless ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, wireless mesh networks, communication networks and distributed systems, network reliability and fault tolerance, and information and coding theory, published by reputed publishers such as Cambridge University Press, Springer, Wiley, and World Scientific. Prof. Misra was invited to chair several international conference/workshop programs and sessions. He served in the program committees of several international conferences. He was also invited to deliver keynote/invited lectures in over 30 international conferences in USA, Canada, Europe, Asia and Africa.


Dr. Subhadeep Sarkar is currently a postdoctoral researcher in the MYRIADS project team at INRIA, Rennes, France working with Dr. Christine Morin. His current research interestsinclude Internet of things (IoT), fog and cloud computing, and the various privacy issues in the context. He completed his PhD from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India in 2017 under the supervision of Dr. Sudip Misra. His doctoral research was focused on performance analysis of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) in reference to the IEEE 802.15.6 standardization. His research results have been published in several reputed international journals and conferences. Dr. Sarkar have reviewed numerous manuscripts for reputed international journals and conferences, and served as a TCP member for multiple peer-reviewed conferences. He was also selected as one of the most promising young researcher in computer science to attend the 4th Heidelberg laureate Forum in 2015.


Dr. Subarna Chatterjee is a post-doctoral researcher at Inria, Rennes, France. She is a Google Anita Borg Scholar from the Asia Pacific region (2015) and is a Facebook GraceHopper Scholar (2016). She received her Ph.D. as a TCS Research Scholar from the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India in 2017. Her current research interests include big data stream processing, cloud computing, and Internet of Things.