A comprehensive review of global ionospheric research from the polar caps to equatorial regions It's more than a century since scientists first identified the ionosphere, the layer of the Earth's upper atmosphere that is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation. Our understanding of this dynamic part of the near-Earth space environment has greatly advanced in recent years thanks to new observational technologies, improved numerical models, and powerful computing capabilities. Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of historic developments, recent advances, and future directions in ionospheric research. Volume highlights include: * Behavior of the ionosphere in different regions from the poles to the equator * Distinct characteristics of the high-, mid-, and low-latitude ionosphere * Observational results from ground- and space-based instruments * Ionospheric impacts on radio signals and satellite operations * How earthquakes and tsunamis on Earth cause disturbances in the ionosphere The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief

List of Contributors vii Preface xi Part I: The Polar Cap and Auroral Ionosphere 1 1 Magnetospheric Energy Input to the Ionosphere 3 Cheryl Huang 2 High Latitude Ionospheric Convection 21 Stephen E. Milan and Adrian Grocott 3 Multiscale Dynamics in the High-Latitude Ionosphere 49 Yukitoshi Nishimura, Yue Deng, Larry R. Lyons, Ryan M. McGranaghan, and Matthew D. Zettergren 4 Recent Advances in Polar Cap Density Structure Research 67 Shasha Zou, Gareth W. Perry, and John C. Foster 5 Polar Cap O+ Ion Outflow and Its Impact on Magnetospheric Dynamics 83 Binzheng Zhang and Oliver J. Brambles Part II: The Subauroral and Midlatitude Ionosphere 115 6 Ionospheric Storm-Enhanced Density Plumes 117 John C. Foster, Shasha Zou, Roderick A. Heelis, and Philip J. Erickson 7 Ion Outflow and Lobe Density: Interhemispheric Asymmetries 127 Stein Haaland, Bjørn Lybekk, Lukas Maes, Karl Magnus Laundal, Arne Pedersen, Paul Tenfjord, Anders Ohma, Nikolai Østgaard, Jone Reistad, and Kristian Snekvik 8 Mesoscale and Small-Scale Structure of the Subauroral Geospace 139 Evgeny Mishin and Anatoly Streltsov Part III: The Low-Latitude Ionosphere 159 9 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics 161 Bela G. Fejer and Astrid Maute 10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F 185 Joe D. Huba 11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis 201 Roland T. Tsunoda 12 The Equatorial Electrojet 281 Hermann Lühr, Patrick Alken, and Yun-Liang Zhou 13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms 301 Xiaoli Luan Part IV: Global Ionospheric Processes 313 14 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere 315 Takashi Kikuchi 15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid- and Subauroral Latitudes 339 Shun-Rong Zhang 16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress 369 Larisa P. Goncharenko, V. Lynn Harvey, Huixin Liu, and Nicholas M. Pedatella 17 Ionospheric Dynamics and Their Strong Longitudinal Dependences 401 Endawoke Yizengaw 18 Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances 421 Yuichi Otsuka Part V: Ionospheric Impacts on Applications 439 19 Ionospheric Effects on HF Radio Wave Propagation 441 Manuel A. Cervera, Trevor J. Harris, David A. Holdsworth, and David J. Netherway 20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation 493 Seebany Datta-Barua, Eric Altshuler, Todd Walter, and Sam Pullen 21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes 511 Kosuke Heki 22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis 527 Michael P. Hickey Index 543